Submission of an article for publication in an issue of the journal implies the author’s acceptance of the following terms:
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The author gratuitously and non‑exclusively assigns the copyright relative to their work or contribution to UGA Éditions and authorises the dissemination of the final published version of their contribution on open access under the Creative Commons licence CC‑BY‑SA 4.0 (or where appropriate, a more recent version of this licence): a contract for non‑exclusive transfer of copyright will be issued to the author if the publication is accepted;
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In the case of elements (text, photographs or sketches, etc.) loaned to a work or article, the author must have obtained the prior authorisations required and submit them at the same time as their typescript.
Use of artificial intelligence (AI)
The author may use generative artificial intelligence and AI-assisted technologies in the process of writing without mentioning it, only if it is used to punctually improve the language and style of the contribution. Any other use of AI in the elaboration of a text must be explicitly and transparently mentioned at the beginning of the article. This use must also be expressly authorized by the editorial board of the journal before the article is accepted for publication. In that case, the use of these technologies must be declared in a note by the author of the published work.
Our journal does not allow the use of generative AI tools to create, modify or manipulate the data and results of research. The use of technology is under the control of the author, who must carefully review and edit the results, for AI can generate incorrect, incomplete or biased results. The author is ultimately responsible for the scientific quality, the accuracy and the integrity of the information in his article.
The author is also meant to ensure that the work is original and does not infringe the rights of others. In consequence, and as a precaution, the use of AI to generate illustrations (or even slightly correct existing images) is not authorized, in order to limit uncertainties as to their use and not to infringe—even unintentionally—copyright.
1. Elements to be provided by authors
— Two digital versions of the article (one in Word format, the other in PDF format, the latter being authoritative for non‑Latin characters and special presentations) must be submitted to the issue coordinator(s) or to the scientific and editorial management of the journal.
— At the beginning of the text, the author is to specify their last and first name, their institutional affiliation (university, research laboratory, in compliance with the standardised signature charter for scientific publications as defined by their supervising institution), and a biographical note (approximately 200 words, in the language of the article).
— An abstract (of at least 1,000 characters, including spaces) and 5 to 10 keywords1 in French and English (without italics, separated by commas) must always be provided by the author. The title of the article (and possibly a subtitle) must also be translated into French if the article is in English, and vice versa. This data is useful for the article’s search engine optimisation and to make it more accessible.
— The author is also to provide a bibliography at the end of the article, presented according to MLA standards (see below). References to works listed in the bibliography must be cited in parentheses in the body text in accordance with MLA format. If several references from the same author appear in succession, the author’s name should be repeated each time (do not substitute the author’s name with a long dash).
— All illustrations, in any format whatsoever (figures, tables), are to be numbered and submitted as separate files in high resolution (300 dpi) and in .jpeg format. Each illustration must be accompanied by a title (possibly a caption and credit, as well as dimensions for graphic works) and announced in the text by a reference number in brackets (“Figure 1”, “Figure 2”, etc.).
Authors are advised to provide images (or screenshots) for complex tables (or textual elements requiring a specific alignment) which may lead to transcription errors during the preparation of the copy or to screen display issues for the electronic version on the Prairial platform.
— All quotes in a foreign language (other than French) must be translated, and the translation should preferably be a footnote or come after the quote. The original spelling of the quoted text must be respected. The same applies to the titles of books or articles.
2. General instructions for text presentation
— To format their article, authors are requested to use the Word template, downloadable from the following link: <https://objs-fr.hypotheses.org/698> on PC or <[…]/697> for Mac. The settings and names of the defined styles must not be changed.
The procedure for installing Word document templates is also available at this address.
A template defines the basic layout of a document and allows it to be formatted using pre-defined style sheets. It structures the texts drafted with Microsoft Word software, and facilitates their processing prior to importing into Lodel software for online publication on the journal website.
— The maximum length of the article is 50,000 characters, including spaces.
— Articles may be written in English or French. If an author wishes to submit an article in another language, they must first consult the scientific and editorial management of the journal.
— The article must be paginated and typed in Times New Roman Unicode 12. If special fonts are nevertheless required, they must be attached to the documents provided (only Unicode fonts are accepted). Do not skip lines between paragraphs and do not omit capitalisation (particularly for proper nouns in bibliographies).
— The punctuation rules for each language must be strictly adhered to, whether for articles written entirely in a foreign language or for a quote.
— Headings and sub-headings: the hierarchy must be clearly indicated using “Title 1” (rank 1 title), “Title 2” (rank 2 title), etc. style sheets. The introduction and conclusion must also be clearly specified. Please avoid references to headings and sub-headings in the running text.
— The title and abstracts of an article must not include a reference to a footnote. In the case where a footnote is required, it is preferable to specify this in the body text or as an author’s note (using the “author’s note” style sheet).
— Most paragraphs in the body text must be styled as “Normal”. Online, unlike the “Normal” style sheet, the “Paragraph without indent” style sheet does not generate paragraph numbers; it is to be used to style a short paragraph that is intellectually linked to the previous paragraph or when a paragraph is artificially split in two by an indented quotation. It is therefore recommended to use it only when necessary after a quotation and to favour the “Normal” style sheet and paragraph numbering most of the time to make the text easier to locate and cite.
— Footnotes must be numbered using Arabic numerals. They must serve to clarify the text; avoid using too many or overly long footnotes. Do not include tables or long quotes in footnotes. For footnotes, ensure that you use the “Footnote” style sheet defined by default in Word and do not place them manually in superscript.
— Quotes must correspond exactly to the original text. The author is responsible for their accuracy. Short quotes (less than 40 words) are included in the running text, in Roman font in brackets if in English or French, or in italics and always between quotation marks for quotes in other languages. Long quotes (3 or more lines, or more than 40 words) are separated from the text by line spaces before and after, without quotation marks, and with an indentation to the left and right (use preferably the “quote” style sheet for the Word template, downloadable at <https://objs-fr.hypotheses.org/698> for PC or <[…]/697> for Mac). The author’s interventions in the quoted text (deletions, additions, or substituted letters or words) are indicated between square brackets. If the author adds italics or underlining to attract the reader's attention to a specific passage, this must be specified in a footnote with phrases such as “I underline”, “I have underlined” or “I have italicised”. Narrative ellipses or omissions of one or more words in a text extract must be indicated by three dots between square brackets […] and never in italics (even for texts in English and French). Do not forget the punctuation, before or after the break. Always cite the quote reference.
— Do not overuse visual signs for the reader. Only italics are generally accepted typographically; avoid using underlining, words in capital letters and bold type.
3. Bibliography and citation of bibliographical references in the text
The journal Représentations dans le monde anglophone follows MLA standards (the 9th edition of the manual is available at <www.balamand.edu.lb/Library/Research/Documents/Manuals/MLAStyle.pdf>), i.e. the standard defined by the Modern Language Association for scientific publications and writings in literature (English, foreign or comparative) and other academic fields related to the humanities. These are editorial rules that specify all elements relating to the presentation of manuscripts: layout, text structure, writing style, syntax, in‑text citations, bibliographical references, tables and graphs, etc.
The rules recommended by the journal only concern the presentation of bibliographies and citations in the text of bibliographical references. They do not systematically follow every rule of the MLA, and adaptations to the official standard are proposed in order to better reflect the editorial specificities of the journal.
Main differences between MLA standards and those of the journal regarding the bibliography:
– Authors’ names must be written in small capitals, except for the initial capital letter.
– The surnames and first names of all authors must appear in the final bibliography.
– If several references by the same author appear in succession, the author’s name must be repeated each time (do not substitute the author’s name with a long dash).
– editor, editors [for publishers or scientific directors] become (ed.) and (eds) in an English article.
– The place of publication must be indicated in the bibliography.
Citation of bibliographical references in the text
A scientific article contains numerous references to other scientific documents that support the author’s arguments, and excerpts from some of these documents are sometimes quoted. It is therefore essential to always cite the references for these documents (the “sources”) in the text, at the point where they are used.
Bibliographical references (associated with quote extracts or simply supporting the author’s arguments) are to be inserted into the text using the Author + publication date system which refers to a bibliography at the end of the article. The reference is to be placed in brackets; it includes the author’s name and year of publication separated by a comma, in addition to the page(s) in question, where appropriate. A suffix (a, b, c, etc.) may be added to the year if the bibliography contains several publications by the author for the same year. The suffix is attributed according to the order of appearance in the bibliography.
The reference system Author + date reserves the use of footnotes for explanations, commentaries, and complementary information.
In the text, the general rule is to quote only the last name of authors and not their first name. The initial of the author’s first name is included only in the case of two authors sharing the same last name.
If you wish to indicate the date of the first edition of a work, it should be indicated in square brackets.
Format for references in brackets
For references with only one author, indicate the author’s name followed directly by the page or range of pages cited. If several publications by the same author appear in the bibliography or if several publications by an author appeared for the same year, it will be necessary to add the year of publication, with or without a suffix (a, b, c, etc.) assigned according to the order of appearance in the bibliography, followed by the page (or range of pages) preceded by a comma:
(Smith 38) / (Smith 1987, 230–235) / (Smith 1988b, 130–135)
When a reference includes 2 authors, insert the coordinating conjunction “and” between them:
(Evangelista and Maxwell 52–55) / (Evangelista and Maxwell, 2013, 77–80)
When a reference includes more than 2 authors, only the first author is cited, followed by the non-italicised term et al. (for “et alii”) and the page or range of pages cited:
(Green et al. 259–260) / (Green et al. 1998b, 65–67)
Quoting an extract from a text and indirect quotation
— In the case of an extract from a text, the author and page reference (or range of pages)2 must be indicated in brackets after the quotation. If the author is already indicated in the text, only the page reference (or range of pages) must be indicated after the quotation.
In the case of a short quotation (only a few words or a complete sentence) incorporated into the main text:
According to him, King Lear is “so vast and intricate that it seems impossible one could make an opera out of it” (Osborne 59).
In his memoirs, Kipling described his novel as “of course, […] nakedly picaresque and plotless” (133).
As Smith points out, “the acts of […] reformulating and reconstituting Indigenous cultures and languages have required the mounting of an ambitious research programme”, one that is very strategic and “relentless in its pursuit of social justice” (142).
Judith Butler3 notes : “Only under conditions in which the loss would matter does the value of the life appear. Thus, grievability is a presupposition for the life that matters” (2009, 14).
In the case of a long and indented quotation (three lines or more, or more than 40 words):
As McGann explains:
[Swinburne’s] love of […] “the unplumbed, salt estranging sea” was boundless and it supplied him with a type of phenomenal awareness that is perhaps unique in English literature. Only Ovid and Lucretius have left us equivalent literary records of the infinite, majestic universe that quantum mechanics would shortly begin to explore in functional terms. (208)
— When paraphrasing an author’s ideas in your own words, the general rule is to cite the author’s name, the date of publication of the document and, if necessary, the specific pages referred to in brackets.
He offers collectors and the art-loving middle classes a reflection of their practices of expertise, acquisition and consumption, which he transposes into the ancient world (Barrow 2017, 37–41).
General formats for bibliographical references at the end of article
For a book (monograph)
Author’s Last Name4, First Name [… and Last Name, First Name]. Title of the Book. Other contributors (editors, illustrators, translators, etc.), Version of edition, Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Esquenazi, Jean-Pierre. Les séries télévisées. L’avenir du cinéma ? 2nd ed., Paris: Armand Colin, 2014.
Wellek, René. A History of Modern Criticism, 1750–1950. Vol. 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1955.
Dorris, Michael and Erdrich, Louise. The Crown of Columbus. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.
For a chapter (or contribution) to a collective work
Author’s Last Name, First Name [… and Last Name, First Name]. “Title of the Chapter (or Contribution)”, in First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name (eds), Title of the Book. Other contributors (editors, illustrators, translators, etc.), Version of edition, Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication, pp. xx–xx [range of pages].
Green, Cathy, Joekes, Susan and Leach, Melissa. “Questionable Links: Approaches to Gender in Environmental Research and Policy”, in Cecile Jackson et Ruth Pearson (eds), Feminist Visions of Development: Gender, Analysis and Policy. London / New York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 259–283.
For an article in a periodical [journal or newspaper] (available online or not)
Author’s Last Name, First Name [… and Last Name, First Name]. “Title of the Article”. Title of the Periodical, vol. [Volume Number], no. [Issue Number], pp. xx–xx [range of pages], Year of publication. [Digital Object Identifier] <https://doi.org …> or <URL> (Accessed on day month year) if no DOI is available.
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. “On Nonscalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precison-Nested Scales”. Common Knowledge, vol. 18, no. 3, Fall 2012, pp. 505–524. <https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-1630424>.5
Hixson, Walter L. “‘Red Storm Rising’: Tom Clancy Novels and the Cult of National Security”. Diplomatic History, vol. 17, no. 4, 1993, pp. 599–613. <www.jstor.org/stable/24912229> (Accessed on 23 November 2022).
Charney, Michael W. “Literary Culture on the Burma-Manipur Frontier in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”. Literary Cultures at the Frontiers: Literature and Identity in the Early Modern World, special issue of The Medieval History Journal, Sumit Guha (ed.), vol. 14, no. 2, 2011, pp. 159–181.
Clark, Alex. “Gun Island by Amitav Ghosh Review: Climate and Culture in Crisis”. The Guardian, 5 June 2019. <www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/05/gunisland-amitav-ghosh-review> (Accessed on 15 October 2021).
For conference proceedings (available online or not)
Author’s Last Name, First Name [… and Last Name, First Name]. Title of Conference Proceedings. Publisher, Year of publication. [Digital Object Identifier] <https://doi.org …> or <URL> (Accessed on day month year) if no DOI is available.
Chang, Steve S., Liaw, Lily and Ruppenhofer, Josef (eds). Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 12–15 February 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.
For a thesis or dissertation (available online or not)
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Thesis (or Dissertation). Year of publication. University name, Degree conferred Thesis or Dissertation. [Digital Object Identifier] <https://doi.org …> or <URL> (Accessed on day month year) if no DOI is available.
Lei, Yu. The Dimensions of Space: Metaphorical Poetics. 2022. University of Montreal, Master’s Dissertation. <https://doi.org/1866/27901>.
Scarpa, Sébastien. Algernon Charles Swinburne et les enjeux post-romantiques de la création. 2007. Université Stendhal- Grenoble 3, Thèse de doctorat. <https://theses.fr/2007GRE39049> (Accessed on 8 January 2020).
Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting. 2010. Northwestern University, PhD dissertation.
For a Web page / Website
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Page or Document”. Title of Website, Date of publication or date last modified/updated (if available), <URL> (Accessed on day month year).
[If the author is unknown, start with the title of page or document.]
Lapointe, Vicky. “Chronologie de Montréal”. Patrimoine, Histoire et Multimédia, 21 May 2016, <https://tolkien2008.wordpress.com/2016/05/21/chronologie-de-montreal/> (Accessed on 21 May 2022).
4. Reminder of some typographical rules
Footnote reference
The footnote reference in an English text is always placed after the punctuation, contrary to the French system which places it before the punctuation. In the case of a quote, it is placed after the closing quotation mark.
NB. – If the sentence quoted is complete, the full stop is placed before the closing quotation mark.
Examples:
How do I place this footnote reference?1
The footnote reference is always placed after the punctuation mark.2
This footnote reference,3 in an English Text, must be placed after the comma.
The teacher told them: “Place this footnote reference correctly.”4
[Note that when the quote is introduced by a colon and forms a complete sentence, the first word takes an initial capital letter.]
The teacher asked them to “place this footnote reference correctly”.5
The teacher says that the “footnote reference”6 is well placed.
The footnote reference is placed directly after the word7 it refers to.
[Note that it is never italicised (or in bold type) when it follows a word in italics (or bold type).]
Quotation marks
In an English text, double quotation marks (“ ”) are used for a first rank quote and single quotation marks (‘ ’) for a second rank quote.
🇫🇷 In a French text, typographical quotation marks in the form of guillemets (« ») are used for a first rank quote and double English quotation marks (“ ”) for a second rank quote.
Non-breaking space
In English, quotation marks (“ ”) are attached to the words they enclose, whereas French 🇫🇷 places a non‑breaking space after the opening guillemet («) and before the closing guillemet (»).
The colon, semicolon, exclamation mark, question mark, and the characters %, ‰ and °C are not preceded by a non‑breaking space in English, whereas they are in French 🇫🇷.
Ellipsis points
Please use the ellipsis points “…”6 as a single character, with no space between them. If there is an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, the final full stop will be omitted.
NB. – To indicate a narrative ellipsis (omission of one or several words in a quoted text extract), use ellipsis points between square brackets […].
Dashes and hyphens
In English, the short dash (i.e. en dash) is used to indicate intervals.7
The war of 1914–1918; pp. 154–158 [or pp. 154–8 in abbreviated form].
The long dash (i.e. em dash)8 is used to indicate an insertion—such as this one—within a sentence. The second dash is deleted before a final punctuation mark. In English (American usage 🇺🇸 here preferred), it is customary not to introduce a space before and after the long dash:
The English example—though it is useful—won’t be translated like that.
🇫🇷 In French, the hyphen is used to indicate intervals.
1914-1918; p. 154-158.
🇫🇷 In French, the long dash (i.e. the em dash) is used to indicate an insertion within a sentence. A non‑breaking space is also used after the first dash and before the second. The second dash is deleted before a final punctuation mark.
Enumeration
In English, it is customary to keep the comma after the penultimate element, followed by the conjunction “and”.
A, B, and C.
Italics
Italics are used to draw the reader’s attention to a word, phrase or passage that the author wishes to emphasise. They are used for Latin expressions (abbreviated or not, except those considered common in English: cf., e.g., et al., etc., ibid., id., i.e., op. cit.), foreign words and quotations in foreign languages. However, the names of foreign companies and organisations should be written in roman type.
It is also customary to use italics when quoting the title of a newspaper, magazine or literary or artistic work. However, titles of parts of books (sections, chapters or individual texts in the case of poems) are placed in quotation marks.
Capital letters
Uppercase and small caps letters must be accented in the same way as lowercase letters (“À”, “À”, “É”, “É”, “È”, “È”, “Δ, “Δ, “Ô”, “Ô”…).
Never write whole words, phrases, titles or proper nouns entirely in capital letters. Use capital letters only for acronyms. Do not put a full stop between the letters of acronyms.
CNRS and not C.N.R.S.
NB. – For the titles of English articles and books, please use: a capital for the first letter of the first and last word of a title, all the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and subordinating conjunctions (If, Because, That…), as well as the first word of a subtitle; small letters are used for articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, for, nor) and prepositions (about, at, before, between, by, from, in, on, etc.), regardless of their length, except if they are the first or last word of the title or subtitle.
To draft or check the composition of English titles, you can use the online tool at <https://capitalizemytitle.com> (the MLA format is preferred here).
Common abbreviations
In English9
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th for first, second, third, fourth…
a.d. or ad for anno domini
b.c. or bc for before Christ
c. or ca. for circa
century [no abbreviation, cannot be omitted when used with an ordinal number]
cf. for confer, see [no abbreviation]
chap., chaps for chapter, chapters
col. for column
Dr for Doctor
ed., eds for editor, editors
e.g. for exempli gratia [for example]
et al. for et alii
etc. for et cetera
f. / ff. for and following page / pages
fasc. for fascicle
fig. for figure(s)
i.e. for id est [that is (to say)]
ibid. for ibidem
id. for idem
ill. for illustration(s)
Mgr for Monsignor
Mr, Messrs for Mister, Messieurs
Mrs, Mmes for Mistress, Mesdames
Ms, Mss for Miss, Misses
ms., mss for manuscript, manuscripts
n., nn. for note, notes
n.d. for no date
n.p. for no place
no., nos for number, numbers
op. cit. for opere citato
p., pp. for page, pages
par. or § for paragraph
Prof. for Professor
St for Saint
suppl. for supplement
table [no abbreviation]
v., vv. for verse, verses
vol., vols for volume, volumes
🇫🇷 In French
1er, 1re, 2e… for premier, première, deuxième…
apr. J.-C. for après Jésus-Christ
av. J.-C. for avant Jésus-Christ
c.-à-d. for c’est-à-dire, i. e. for id est
ca for circa [prefer vers or environ]
cf. for confer, voir [no abbreviation]
chap. for chapitre(s)
cité [no abbreviation], op. cit. for opere citato
col. for colonne(s)
Dr for docteur
éd. for éditeur(s)
et al. for et alii
et suiv. for et [pages] suivante(s)
etc. for et cetera
fasc. for fascicule(s)
fig. for figure(s)
fol. or fo / fos for folio(s)
id. for idem
ibid. for ibidem
ill. for illustration(s)
M., MM. for Monsieur, Messieurs
Mgr for Monseigneur
Mlle, Mlles for Mademoiselle, Mesdemoiselles
Mme, Mmes for Madame, Mesdames
ms., mss for manuscrit, manuscrits
n. for note(s)
no, nos10 for numéro, numéros
p. for page(s)
paragr. or § for paragraphe(s)
prof. for professeur
p. ex. for par exemple, e. g. for exempli gratia
s. for siècle(s) [preferably no abbreviation]
s. d. for sans date
s. l. for sans lieu
St- / Ste- for Saint- / Sainte- [proper noun]
suppl. for supplément(s)
tabl. for tableau(x)
v. for vers [singular and plural]
vol. for volume(s)
Numbers and dates
In English
Numbers are written in groups of three letters starting from the right and separated by a comma. E.g.: 850,753
The decimal separator is a dot. E.g.: 8,750.54
Months and days of the week take a capital letter.
Dates are written in British English.
E.g.: Thursday, 15 January 2015
(and not according to American English: Thursday, January 15, 2015).
Centuries are written in Arabic numerals and without superscript. E.g.: 19th century
🇫🇷 In French
Numbers are written in groups of three letters starting from the right and separated by a non‑breaking space. E.g.: 850 753
The decimal separator is a comma. E.g.: 8 750,54
For a date, the month must be written out in full.
E.g.: 15 janvier 2015
(and not in the following format: 15/01/2015).
Centuries are written in Roman numerals and small capitals, with an e (in superscript) for the suffix “ième” and er (superscript) for the suffix “ier”. E.g.: xixe siècle, ier siècle